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What Is a Module in Python?

A module is a file that contains a group of related functions, variables, and definitions, organized to perform a specific task. Think of a module as a toolbox, where each tool (function) helps you solve a particular problem.

Examples of module usage areas:

Mathematical operations
Logging
File handling
E-commerce processes (e.g., login, checkout)
Data processing

Python itself provides many built-in modules, and the math module is one of the most commonly used.

Usage of Modules

Reuse code instead of rewriting functions
Keep code clean, organized, and modular
Access powerful predefined functions
Split large projects into smaller, manageable pieces

Example from real-world apps:

Module 1: Calculations (add, divide)
Module 2: Authentication & checkout

Modules

The Math Module in Python

The math module in Python provides a wide range of mathematical functions and constants.
It is a built-in module, so no external installation is required.
The math module is commonly used for:
- Square root
- Power calculations
- Floor & Ceil functions
- Trigonometric functions
- Logarithmic and exponential functions

Importing the Math Module

You must import the module before using its functions:

import math

# Example
x = math.sqrt(25)
print(x)   # 5.0

Different Ways to Import

1. Import entire module

import math
print(math.sqrt(25))

2. Using alias

import math as m
print(m.sqrt(25))

Saves typing
Makes long modules easier to use
IDEs highlight unused imports for better code quality

3. Import specific functions

from math import sqrt, pow
print(sqrt(25))   # 5.0
print(pow(2, 3))  # 8.0

If you directly call sqrt(25) without importing it, you’ll get a NameError.

4. Importing Multiple Functions

from math import sqrt, ceil, pow

Useful when you only need selected functions — avoids typing math. every time.

Commonly Used Math Functions

Function	Description	Example	Output
`math.sqrt(x)`	Square root of `x`	`math.sqrt(25)`	`5.0`
`math.pow(x, y)`	`x` raised to power `y`	`math.pow(3, 2)`	`9.0`
`math.ceil(x)`	Smallest integer ≥ `x`	`math.ceil(3.3)`	`4`
`math.floor(x)`	Largest integer ≤ `x`	`math.floor(3.3)`	`3`
`math.exp(x)`	Exponential `e^x`	`math.exp(2)`	`7.389...`
`math.log(x)`	Natural logarithm (base e)	`math.log(10)`	`2.302...`
`math.log(x, base)`	Logarithm with custom base	`math.log(8, 2)`	`3.0`
`math.sin(x)`	Sine of `x` (in radians)	`math.sin(math.pi/2)`	`1.0`
`math.cos(x)`	Cosine of `x`	`math.cos(0)`	`1.0`
`math.tan(x)`	Tangent of `x`	`math.tan(math.pi/4)`	`1.0`

Math Constants

The math module provides useful constants:

Constant	Description	Example	Output
`math.pi`	Value of π	`print(math.pi)`	`3.141592653589793`
`math.e`	Euler’s number	`print(math.e)`	`2.718281828459045`
`math.inf`	Infinity	`print(math.inf)`	`inf`
`math.nan`	Not a Number	`print(math.nan)`	`nan`

Exploring the Math Module

List all functions

dir(math)

Get detailed documentation

help(math)
help(math.ceil)

These commands help you understand available functions without needing external documentation.

Summary

A module is a collection of related functions grouped together for organization and reuse.

The math module allows us to perform advanced mathematical calculations.
We can import the entire module, use an alias, or import specific functions.
It provides both functions (sqrt, pow, log, sin, cos, etc.) and constants (pi, e, inf, nan).
Using dir(math) and help(math) helps explore available functions and documentation.

Written By: Muskan Garg

Modules

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